Grammar Formation of sentences The sentence structure is VSO or VOS (for compound/transitive verbs - “kissed her he”), unless it is an imperative or a question in which case it is SVO. If the subject is missing, it is a question of “who?”. (E.g. Doctor Who? would be simply “Heals?” <—this is not strictly true, just funny - you would of course ask for the name of he doctor by asking who the healer’s name is. This asks “who heals”, not “what is the name of the person who is currently healing/evidently a healer”) Similarly, “we are going to?” without an object means “where are we going?”. There is a specific “where?” and “who?” word as well, but it is not used except in special cases. Words can only start with one of the 7 first letters, but can be transliterated differently depending on pronunciation for HIM (’yn). Dialects: Current dialect is more lispy than older words; southern tribes use the o and u sounds more often and are more likely to use m than n, and use the -VmC (guttural vowel) combinations. Older versions of the language are more likely to use ‘IM instead of HYN. Some vowels and consonants may also have shifted (e.g. s-sh, t-th, a-e, i-e), as well as how vowels bend the consonants (e.g. ar->al). Ar and Us are NOT legal syllables! Stop trying to use them! Nouns Common name endings for males are -os, -ios, -ion, -on, -eran, -ieran, -ior. Common name endings for females are -a, -ea, -is, -ia, -ana, -iana, -eis. Gender is always denoted as male, female or unknown. Plural is always mixed. Nouns are generally in neutral gender unless specifically stated gendered words such as cow (or poetic similes, but only in overly flowery language). Common neutral noun endings are -es, -is, -en, -on, -ath, -as, -ash. Noun cases are generally the same (owing to the sentence structure) but there are special cases for imperative or question. Plural is formed in a million different rules depending on word ending. There might also be a dual, and a form for uncertain number, or a host/herd, and a general group. When two words are compounded, they are simply written together, with the spelling/pronunciation rules applied as if it was one word. So Amal+Emthea=Amal’thea. II->Yi or Ei depending on surrounding (vowels or consonants) Verbs Verbs are conjugated to first and 2/3 person, as well as plural. There is a locative indicating direction (go to, look at): ‘te, and of course other similar prepositions. And TWO negative prefixes: 1 - go away, look away from, not go, not look, 2 - refuse to go, emphatically deny. Ache - to go, walk Achea - I go Acheas - we go Acheis - You/she/he goes Acheies - you/they go Iachea - I do not go/I stay Iachiea - I refuse to go (Iacheis, Iacheas, Iachies) (Iachieis, Iachieas, Iachieies) Ache’te X - I go towards X Achea’te - we go towards X Achei’te - You/she/he goes towards X Acheie’te - they go towards X Note! This form has a lot of “false friends” where the meaning is not always what you expect: Iache’te X - I go away from X Iachie’te X - I do/will not go to X Iachei’te - You/he/she goes away from X Iachiei’te …etc. Irei - to love Ireia - I love Ireias - we love Ireis - You/he/she loves Ireies - you/they love Because it starts with I, we transliterate II to Yi: Yireia - I do not love Yirieia - I hate/refuse to love Irei’te X - I express love towards X (make love to X?) (this is a special case where 1st and 2/3 person are the same) Imperative and interrogative are shown by sentence form and follow the normal tense. There is however a word for “I let/allow you to do X” and “I want you to do X/wish you would do X” as well as its negative. Pronouns There are no proper personal pronouns - you use the name of the person you are talking to or a descriptive noun, if you do not know it (or want to be polite and use a honorific). For speaking of yourself, you skip the subject - the verb declination is indicative enough: “Ireia X” - “I love X” However, you might be the object of someone’s love: “Hireis X” - “X loves me” Or do something to yourself - reflexive verbs: “Hireia” - “I love myself” The H is dialectally pronounced as H, ‘ or even a short E. It can be used to denote singular or plural. If you want to specify, you need to use your own name. You can possibly skip the name if you use a suffix indicating doing something to a person, as in: “Irei’te” - “I make love [to you]” or “Ache’te” - “I walk towards [you]” In this case the missing object implies that it is the person being spoken to. (Some cultures are more lax in this, and use this srt form whenever the context is obvious. Colloquialisms, yay!) (Hirei’te means of course “I masturbate.”) Tense Future and present are very similar, mostly a matter of interpretation unless a specific timeframe is added. It is also explicitly used to express potential - e.g. ”she might go” as opposed to “she goes” when it’s probable. Generally, use present tense when it is clear that the action will be fulfilled in the time frame given, or immediately/in the context if none is given. Only use future tense to set potential mood or an unknown time frame. Acheas - I might/could go Achesas - we might go Acheies - You/He/she might go Acheises - you/they might go (1.neg: Iacheas, Iacheies, Iachesas, Iacheises 2.neg: Iachieas, Iachieies,Iachiesas, Iachieises) <—is that even always possible? Might not always apply Ireias Ireisas Ireies Ireises Note that the singular future is the same as the plural present! This is very hard to translate without context. The future tense without timeframe give can also be used for continuous statements “This will ever be so”, sometimes by adding past tense and future tense verb one after the other “The once and future king”. Past is only used when complete. It has a very specific form. When incomplete, present is used, again with an added time if necessary. When speaking of a past incarnation, you would use third person, without doubt. Likely, completed past form is always the third person form anyway (but more so when speaking of a preincarnation?). Past+future should express hypothetical mood in the past. (“I might have died”) So the preterite (he came this morning) has a specific form but the perfect (he has come this morning (but is still here)) does not and is represented with present + time frame. (I have come to the city this morning (and am still there) vs. I went to the city this morning (but now I’m back)) Aches - I/you/she had gone/went Acheses - we/you/they went Aches’te - I went to X Acheses’te - they went to… Ires - I/you/she loved Ireses - we/you/they loved Ires’te - I made love to Ireses’te - we made love to But there is a special form for preincarnations, to distinguish: Achases - my preincarnation went Acheses - your preincarnation went Ire(i)ases - my preincarnation loved Ireises - your preincarnation loved No plural, for obvious reasons. Just use acheses - they went. When making a noun out of a verb, there are three distinct endings in singular - male, female and unknown gender. Plural only has one gender. Acheran - Walker(male) Acherna - Walker(female) Acheron - Walker(unknown) Acheres - Walkers (any) But Ireian, Ireina, Ireion, Ireies for verbs ending in HIM (the R is not added). Therefore: “Yirieies yirieies” - “haters gonna hate” The negatives of nouned verbs work similar to the negatives of verbs. Neg1 generally means “they who cannot do something” and Neg2 means “they who will not do something”, denoting refusal rather than inability. Special case: To be To be has no actual form in the present tense, it is simply indicated by leaving out the verb in the sentence. To indicate that X has property Y, you switch the adjective to behind the noun: “Amal’thea eidam.” - “Amal’thea is beautiful.” For past and future, there are forms added to the quality that is in the past or future: Adjectives Adjectives are added to the subject, as are adverbs. No difference. “Runs Fast-Amalthea” or “Goes Red-Car”. They are gendered. Ochi - red (colour) elin/elim - quick Ochie - male elin (possibly dialectal) Ochia - female elim Ochi - neutral elim (if it ends in N, it is dialectal whether the male form ends with n and the others with m or not. If it ends in I or a vowel they are conjugated like the above example.) There are specific forms for comparative and superlative. Possibly even a few more forms (e.g. better but not best or best ever). nochi - redder nelim - quicker ‘Ochi - reddest Helim - quickest (if the words start with HIM, the usual transformations from double letters apply, whichever they are) If you want to express “very quick” you may also use the superlative. There is also a superior form (”the quickest of the quick”), but it is in most cases archaic and not used. Sometimes it is used in poetic forms, such as H’neidam “the fairest”, a byname of a goddess. You would not call anyone that except perhaps in the bedchamber! There are also two negatives for adjective: “Not X” and “The opposite of X”. Elim - quick Ielim - not quick, the one in a group that is not quick Ieleim - the opposite of quick, slow (there is a word for slow too, but it can be used to form opposites that have no corresponding word as well) Sometimes the second negative makes no sense, of course: Ochi - red Iochi - not red, the one that is not red Iochei - the opposite of red? Would that make it green? :P (II gets transformed to ei in this century! Old words could still use ii…) Sentence structure for adjectives It’s VASAO in sentences, VAOAS for transitive (”towards”): “Achei’te ochei nimos elim Amal’thea.” (transitive - ‘te) “Amal’thea walks quickly to the red door.” “Ireis heidam Amal’thea eidan Iorath.” (normal) “The fairest Amal’thea loves the beautiful Iorath.” Prepositions/Prepositional forms We have already talked about amte (‘te), “towards”. There are other such prepositional endings, such as “ Here is, there is - indicating location Causal sentences This specific, possessive, indicative for nouns Instrumental Vocative (possibly) “This one” vs. “That one” is expressed in the same form as “My” vs. “Yours”. More on questions Passive tense Past perfect “There is a” Compound sentences If you do two things at the same time, the structure is V(O)V(O)S. If you do X to do Y, you compound the sentences with "im" (or "yim" of you do X so Y won't happen). If you do X then do Y, use H. V(O)SO h V(O)SO H also means and, as in "I picked red and blue berries". If all berries have both colours, compound the adjectives, adding H only if necessary for pronunciation. Grammar Formation of sentences The sentence structure is VSO or VOS (for compound/transitive verbs - “kissed her he”), unless it is an imperative or a question in which case it is SVO. If the subject is missing, it is a question of “who?”. (E.g. Doctor Who? would be simply “Heals?” <—this is not strictly true, just funny - you would of course ask for the name of he doctor by asking who the healer’s name is. This asks “who heals”, not “what is the name of the person who is currently healing/evidently a healer”) Similarly, “we are going to?” without an object means “where are we going?”. There is a specific “where?” and “who?” word as well, but it is not used except in special cases. Words can only start with one of the 7 first letters, but can be transliterated differently depending on pronunciation for HIM (’yn). Dialects: Current dialect is more lispy than older words; southern tribes use the o and u sounds more often and are more likely to use m than n, and use the -VmC (guttural vowel) combinations. Older versions of the language are more likely to use ‘IM instead of HYN. Some vowels and consonants may also have shifted (e.g. s-sh, t-th, a-e, i-e), as well as how vowels bend the consonants (e.g. ar->al). Ar and Us are NOT legal syllables! Stop trying to use them! Nouns Common name endings for males are -os, -ios, -ion, -on, -eran, -ieran, -ior. Common name endings for females are -a, -ea, -is, -ia, -ana, -iana, -eis. Gender is always denoted as male, female or unknown. Plural is always mixed. Nouns are generally in neutral gender unless specifically stated gendered words such as cow (or poetic similes, but only in overly flowery language). Common neutral noun endings are -es, -is, -en, -on, -ath, -as, -ash. Noun cases are generally the same (owing to the sentence structure) but there are special cases for imperative or question. Plural is formed in a million different rules depending on word ending. There might also be a dual, and a form for uncertain number, or a host/herd, and a general group. When two words are compounded, they are simply written together, with the spelling/pronunciation rules applied as if it was one word. So Amal+Emthea=Amal’thea. II->Yi or Ei depending on surrounding (vowels or consonants) Verbs Verbs are conjugated to first and 2/3 person, as well as plural. There is a locative indicating direction (go to, look at): ‘te, and of course other similar prepositions. And TWO negative prefixes: 1 - go away, look away from, not go, not look, 2 - refuse to go, emphatically deny. Ache - to go, walk Achea - I go Acheas - we go Acheis - You/she/he goes Acheies - you/they go Iachea - I do not go/I stay Iachiea - I refuse to go (Iacheis, Iacheas, Iachies) (Iachieis, Iachieas, Iachieies) Ache’te X - I go towards X Achea’te - we go towards X Achei’te - You/she/he goes towards X Acheie’te - they go towards X Note! This form has a lot of “false friends” where the meaning is not always what you expect: Iache’te X - I go away from X Iachie’te X - I do/will not go to X Iachei’te - You/he/she goes away from X Iachiei’te …etc. Irei - to love Ireia - I love Ireias - we love Ireis - You/he/she loves Ireies - you/they love Because it starts with I, we transliterate II to Yi: Yireia - I do not love Yirieia - I hate/refuse to love Irei’te X - I express love towards X (make love to X?) (this is a special case where 1st and 2/3 person are the same) Imperative and interrogative are shown by sentence form and follow the normal tense. There is however a word for “I let/allow you to do X” and “I want you to do X/wish you would do X” as well as its negative. Pronouns There are no proper personal pronouns - you use the name of the person you are talking to or a descriptive noun, if you do not know it (or want to be polite and use a honorific). For speaking of yourself, you skip the subject - the verb declination is indicative enough: “Ireia X” - “I love X” However, you might be the object of someone’s love: “Hireis X” - “X loves me” Or do something to yourself - reflexive verbs: “Hireia” - “I love myself” The H is dialectally pronounced as H, ‘ or even a short E. It can be used to denote singular or plural. If you want to specify, you need to use your own name. You can possibly skip the name if you use a suffix indicating doing something to a person, as in: “Irei’te” - “I make love [to you]” or “Ache’te” - “I walk towards [you]” In this case the missing object implies that it is the person being spoken to. (Some cultures are more lax in this, and use this srt form whenever the context is obvious. Colloquialisms, yay!) (Hirei’te means of course “I masturbate.”) Tense Future and present are very similar, mostly a matter of interpretation unless a specific timeframe is added. It is also explicitly used to express potential - e.g. ”she might go” as opposed to “she goes” when it’s probable. Generally, use present tense when it is clear that the action will be fulfilled in the time frame given, or immediately/in the context if none is given. Only use future tense to set potential mood or an unknown time frame. Acheas - I might/could go Achesas - we might go Acheies - You/He/she might go Acheises - you/they might go (1.neg: Iacheas, Iacheies, Iachesas, Iacheises 2.neg: Iachieas, Iachieies,Iachiesas, Iachieises) <—is that even always possible? Might not always apply Ireias Ireisas Ireies Ireises Note that the singular future is the same as the plural present! This is very hard to translate without context. The future tense without timeframe give can also be used for continuous statements “This will ever be so”, sometimes by adding past tense and future tense verb one after the other “The once and future king”. Past is only used when complete. It has a very specific form. When incomplete, present is used, again with an added time if necessary. When speaking of a past incarnation, you would use third person, without doubt. Likely, completed past form is always the third person form anyway (but more so when speaking of a preincarnation?). Past+future should express hypothetical mood in the past. (“I might have died”) So the preterite (he came this morning) has a specific form but the perfect (he has come this morning (but is still here)) does not and is represented with present + time frame. (I have come to the city this morning (and am still there) vs. I went to the city this morning (but now I’m back)) Aches - I/you/she had gone/went Acheses - we/you/they went Aches’te - I went to X Acheses’te - they went to… Ires - I/you/she loved Ireses - we/you/they loved Ires’te - I made love to Ireses’te - we made love to But there is a special form for preincarnations, to distinguish: Achases - my preincarnation went Acheses - your preincarnation went Ire(i)ases - my preincarnation loved Ireises - your preincarnation loved No plural, for obvious reasons. Just use acheses - they went. When making a noun out of a verb, there are three distinct endings in singular - male, female and unknown gender. Plural only has one gender. Acheran - Walker(male) Acherna - Walker(female) Acheron - Walker(unknown) Acheres - Walkers (any) But Ireian, Ireina, Ireion, Ireies for verbs ending in HIM (the R is not added). Therefore: “Yirieies yirieies” - “haters gonna hate” The negatives of nouned verbs work similar to the negatives of verbs. Neg1 generally means “they who cannot do something” and Neg2 means “they who will not do something”, denoting refusal rather than inability. Special case: To be To be has no actual form in the present tense, it is simply indicated by leaving out the verb in the sentence. To indicate that X has property Y, you switch the adjective to behind the noun: “Amal’thea eidam.” - “Amal’thea is beautiful.” For past and future, there are forms added to the quality that is in the past or future: Adjectives Adjectives are added to the subject, as are adverbs. No difference. “Runs Fast-Amalthea” or “Goes Red-Car”. They are gendered. Ochi - red (colour) elin/elim - quick Ochie - male elin (possibly dialectal) Ochia - female elim Ochi - neutral elim (if it ends in N, it is dialectal whether the male form ends with n and the others with m or not. If it ends in I or a vowel they are conjugated like the above example.) There are specific forms for comparative and superlative. Possibly even a few more forms (e.g. better but not best or best ever). nochi - redder nelim - quicker ‘Ochi - reddest Helim - quickest (if the words start with HIM, the usual transformations from double letters apply, whichever they are) If you want to express “very quick” you may also use the superlative. There is also a superior form (”the quickest of the quick”), but it is in most cases archaic and not used. Sometimes it is used in poetic forms, such as H’neidam “the fairest”, a byname of a goddess. You would not call anyone that except perhaps in the bedchamber! There are also two negatives for adjective: “Not X” and “The opposite of X”. Elim - quick Ielim - not quick, the one in a group that is not quick Ieleim - the opposite of quick, slow (there is a word for slow too, but it can be used to form opposites that have no corresponding word as well) Sometimes the second negative makes no sense, of course: Ochi - red Iochi - not red, the one that is not red Iochei - the opposite of red? Would that make it green? :P (II gets transformed to ei in this century! Old words could still use ii…) Sentence structure for adjectives It’s VASAO in sentences, VAOAS for transitive (”towards”): “Achei’te ochei nimos elim Amal’thea.” (transitive - ‘te) “Amal’thea walks quickly to the red door.” “Ireis heidam Amal’thea eidan Iorath.” (normal) “The fairest Amal’thea loves the beautiful Iorath.” Prepositions/Prepositional forms We have already talked about amte (‘te), “towards”. There are other such prepositional endings, such as “ Here is, there is - indicating location Causal sentences This specific, possessive, indicative for nouns Instrumental Vocative (possibly) “This one” vs. “That one” is expressed in the same form as “My” vs. “Yours”. More on questions Passive tense Past perfect “There is a” Compound sentences If you do two things at the same time, the structure is V(O)V(O)S. If you do X to do Y, you compound the sentences with "im" (or "yim" of you do X so Y won't happen). If you do X then do Y, use H. V(O)SO h V(O)SO H also means and, as in "I picked red and blue berries". If all berries have both colours, compound the adjectives, adding H only if necessary for pronunciation. Ache - to go, to walk yeran/ieran-son yana/iana-daughter Ea-island Nim-one of the 2gods,life,light Imi-another 2god,matter,being He-the all, everything, first god who is not revered Iache - do not go, stay (used as imperative exclamation too) ache'te/iache'te - go towards, go away from(transitive) (Emt/ent - towards, "pro") Irei - to love Yirei - not to love Yiriei - to hate, refuse to love Iachie - refuse to go Ireina - lover (female), one who loves elim - quick ochi - red eidam - beautiful, fair, pretty array s8=({ "Aman", "Emthea","Amal","Alos","yana" "Imi","Nim","Aber","Ezer","Ian","Iana","Anos","Ans", "Esh","Efan","Efer","Atos","Eras","Eiras","Enos","Ener", "Ujat","Olaer","Ea","Ena","Alesh","Eros","Éros","Naer","Alaer","Alaez", "Aelaez","Una","Iris","etil","Ither","egith","onis","mach", "Aeleish","Éger","Ábos","Ámos","Yon","Ion","Ésher","Esher", "Acher","As't","As'ter","Esh't","Esh'ter","Aesh'ter", "Ather","Uther","Aethur","Emaesh","Eidúr","Eijur" "Alesh","Athnu","'Gúruth","'guruth","Nom","Mon","Amphan", "Ólach","Alaer","asion","acher","achos","machos", "Aleg","Hacher","uphen","eidur","uigion", "amath","atha","umath","alorni","alor","naut","nauth", "herach","erach","ereg","éreg","eved","edas","eidach", "aethur","anesh","aeval","athnu","enuid","aedian","eidian", "iaer","achos","atman","ataph","átaph","edatha","iaman","yaman", "ieran","yeran","ushal","usher","matev","matos","mathos", "matheis","neder","aeval","urem","yaman","athe","athan", "aetha","erod","evi","eri","uri","ethuir","nas","nos","nis", "uni","ichis","ochis","ilas","oram","alor","igis","igas","athan", "iara","yara","omu","matos","natos","natis","athos","authos", "authis","edis","ithis","idis","idas","iod","ior","edian","edion", "atheis","my","athiod","eriod","achior","egior","iovas","iovis","ieri", "iliod","ilior","'liod","'lod","'liuz","ombaer""'baer", "eram","aeram","aeros,","aeólos","eidólos","ézerior", "ezior","milas","ochy","ochol","uroch","iorol","mirae", "azur","athur","edian","eidan","eidos","embar","ambar", "amber","nederos","eideros","eigea","eram","'zereg", "'sesh","amor","iuvach","ohur","oher","apha","aphos", "erona","'terona","izas","ithas","hama","hamath","athe", "ion","aelaer","acen","ijos","mirae","erior","eirior", "iris","isis","athis","achis","miris","egna","egos", "ego","ezat","ezol","athol","erath","erith","mae","maer", "maeros","athas","ithas","eiros","aedos","ámos","ámis", "atush","yanni","ynni","ewat","nimos","nimeg","ehesh", "itis","irimi","iremi","edian","macer","ipos","hipos", "m'pos","nomos","mimos","efer","efos","ewal","uphis", "uphos","imei","eje","eije","eye","eios","alach","edion" "onon","onos","uros","uron","uresh","iresh","igas","athu", "athur","edion","aesis","aesir","eniur","imanos","etian", "ezian","mios","nios","authis","iat","eris","noch","ioch", "eram","eroch","ernoch","ilis","alath","ichis","ithis", "ithun","utior","iphas","iphos","eifos","eifir","atma", "ibos","iba","'chur","alath","'tiur","'thama","aezam", "utham","atham","athan","iyam","iyan","iyath","iyos", "iyer","iyas","iyis","achiam","miri","auth","enit", "irisos","mirisos","achior","etham","achiam","achior", "achath","achez","achas","achasia","achis","machilas", "machilos","erol","athon","aton","eshim","ichis", "philos","iyen","ishen","usher","ushos","ehsun","eshos", "eniur","iur","igam","uron","auron","auranos","uranos", "iuros","asom","ason","aeson","éreg","álon","erion", "ophach","achete","ionen","emoz","anath","alna","al'tesh", "phaedos","phaed","eia","aegis","apha","al'cham","iras", "hésh","mut","aeshos","amach","miris","ailiur","igea", "eigea","hefer","ásos","atheir","athir","athis","igas", "aloris","émis","athed","ather","atheros","eshiur","achen", "amis","amisol","auran","auranat","aurana","isola", "'lemma","'lema","manis","aman","amaner","ediras", "olas","acher","efil","eidol","eidos","ami","eimos", "thenos","neder","athis","un'dis","uthis","milis", "atos","amata","erona","ahon","aerior","aerio","uron", "odach","odas","umber","alas","acher","erios","achosis", "achesis","nemis","esis","mimas","nimas","nimos","minos", "enion","mega","ónis","hyos","naeris" });